International Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs (ERL 22)

Oct 3, 2022, 8:00 AM → Oct 6, 2022, 6:00 PM America/New_York

Cornell University

Annabelle Petway (Brookhaven National Lab (BNL)), Georg Hoffstaetter (Cornell University (US)), Karl Smolenski (Cornell University (US))

Hosted by Cornell University

ERL 22 will be held in person at Cornell University October 3 - 6.  The meeting is the 66th Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop (ABDW) held by the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA).  Cornell is proud to be hosting this meeting for the second time.  The workshop will be held in Clark Hall on the Cornell campus and is jointly organized by Cornell University, Brookhaven National Lab, and Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab).

Further information is available at the website for the workshop:

ERL 22 Website

 

Monday, October 3

8:00 AM Coffe and Breakfast Treats

Welcome and Introduction

Convener: Karl Smolenski

1 Workshop Welcome / Practical Matters

A welcome to the workshop

Speaker: Georg Hoffstaetter (Cornell University (US))

22_10_03Hoffstaetter_Welcome.pdf

2 Cornell CLASSE Director's Welcome

A welcome to Cornell and the ERL 22 workshop by the laboratory director

Speaker: Prof. Donald Hartill (Cornell University)

Hartill ERL 2022.pptx

3 BNL Collider-Accelerator Department Chair Welcome (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Dr Wolfram Fischer (Brookhaven National Lab)

4 JLab Director's Welcome (REMOTE)

Speaker: Dr Stuart Henderson (JLab)

5 The European ERL Roadmap

Following the European Strategy process in 2019, five Roadmap Panels were set up to prepare the technologies needed for future accelerators and colliders: high-field magnets, SRF, muon colliders, plasma wakefield accelerators and Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs). The ERL Roadmap Panel, consisting of ERL experts from around the world, first developed a comprehensive overview of current and future ERLs. From this a gap analysis was carried out to evaluate the necessary R&D, which led to the development of the Roadmap. The European ERL Roadmap focused on three main aspects: 1) the continuation and development of facility programs for which no additional funds are needed (S-DALINAC in Darmstadt and MESA in Mainz); 2) technology development for room-temperature HOM damping and twin-axis SRF cavities; 3) the timely upgrade of bERLinPro for 100mA current, and 4) the construction of PERLE at Orsay as a dedicated 10MW beam-power multi-turn facility. The Roadmap also describes a vision for future energy-frontier electron-positron and electron-hadron colliders, and describes a high-quality ERL program for 4.4K SRF technology at high Q0. The presentation will address the ERL Roadmap process and results in detail.

Speaker: Andrew Hutton (Jefferson Lab)

Hutton ERL Roadmap Final.pptx

10:30 AM Coffee Break

Facility Reports: Session I

Convener: Michaela Arnold (TU Darmstadt)

6 Facility Report MESA

Speaker: Florian Hug (Mainz University)

Hug-MESA_Overview_ERL_2022.pdf

Hug-MESA_Overview_ERL_2022.pptx

7 Facility report of Compact ERL (cERL) at KEK

Compact ERL (cERL) is a test facility, which was constructed on the ERL Test Facility in KEK. Its aim was to demonstrate energy recovery concept with low emittance, high-current CW beams of more than 10 mA for future multi-GeV ERL. In 2016 and 2018, we successfully operate the CW 1 mA beam in the energy recovery condition. Recently, this cERL was operated to promote a variety of the industrial applications such as SASE-IR-FEL operation for future ERL based EUV-FEL production, THz operation and Rare Isotope (RI) production for medical application. In this presentation, we will present the status of the studies to realize the stable high-current, low-emittance CW beam and report some industrial and medical applications with this beam in cERL.

Speaker: Hiroshi Sakai (KEK)

cERL_facility_sakai_final.pptx

8 Status and Perspective of the Energy Recovery Linac at HZB

Since end of the year 2020 the energy recovery linac (ERL) project bERLinPro of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) has been officially completed. But what is the status of this facility, the next scientific goals in the framework of accelerator physics at HZB, what are the perspectives? To reflect the continuation of this endeavor and the broadening of applications of this machine from high current SRF based energy recovery concept up to an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) facility producing shortest electron pulses, the facility is now named Sealab, Superconducting RF Electron Accelerator Laboratory. In this contribution, an overview of lessons learned so far, the status of the machine, the coming set up and commissioning steps with an outlook to midterm and future applications will be given. In summary, Sealab will expand, including the ERL application, and become a general accelerator physics and technology test machine to employ injector parameter space and UED as a first application study case. It will also be an ideal testbed to investigate new control schemes and contribute by studies to the European ERL Roadmap for high energy physics programme.

Speaker: Axel Neumann (Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin)

ERL2022_Cornell_ANeumann_Facility_WG1_v2.pptx

HZB_Neumann_Facility_Poster_ERL2022.pdf

9 Facility Report PERLE

Speaker: Walid Kaabi (IJCLab)

ERL22_PERLE Status report- October 3rd 2022_FV.pptx

12:10 PM Lunch

Facility Reports: Session II

Convener: Dejan Trbojevic

10 Facility Report CBETA

Speaker: Georg Hoffstaetter (Cornell University (US))

Hoffstaetter-CBETA_ERL22.pptx

11 ERL Operation of the Superconducting Darmstadt Electron Linear Accelerator S-DALINAC – a Facility Report*

Institut für Kernphysik, Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt

The superconducting Darmstadt linear accelerator S-DALINAC [1] is a thrice-recirculating accelerator for electrons at TU Darmstadt. Since its establishment in 1991, the S-DALINAC was mainly developed and operated by students. Besides the conventional acceleration scheme serving various nuclear-physics experiments, the accelerator can also be operated as an energy-recovery linac (ERL). Following the first operation as a once recirculating ERL [2], the S DALINAC achieved high-transmission multi-turn energy recovery in August 2021 [3]. Dedicated beam dynamics simulations, as well as beam diagnostic devices designed for ERL operation, are essential to operate an accelerator as an ERL. This contribution will give an overview of the facility with a focus on the ERL activities. Options for a successor ERL will be discussed.

*Work supported by DFG (GRK 2128, project ID 264883531), BMBF (05H21RDRB1), the State of Hesse within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE Research Group Nuclear Photonics.

[1] N. Pietralla, Nuclear Physics News, Vol. 28, No. 2, 4 (2018).
[2] M. Arnold et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 020101 (2020).
[3] F. Schließmann, Contribution to this conference

Speaker: Dr Michaela Arnold (TU Darmstadt)

ERL22_Arnold_V3.pdf

12 CEBAF 5-pass

The 5-pass energy recovery project at CEBAF (ER@CEBAF) would become the first facility to have the energy reach to demonstrate ERL performance in the multi-GeV range. This increment in peak energy from the $1\,\textrm{GeV}$ CEBAF-ER demonstration to the target $\sim7\,\textrm{GeV}$ brings incoherent synchrotron radiation-induced energy loss, presents an invaluable opportunity for multi-pass beam break-up studies, and enables the experimental exploration of multi-pass, multi-GeV energy recovery. We update the current project status, studies on RF optics optimization, longitudinal match, and modifications to CEBAF.

Speaker: Gustavo Pérez Segurana (CERN)

ER@CEBAF.pptx

13 TRIUMF e-Linac facility and ERL upgrade

The TRIUMF electron linear accelerator (e-Linac) was conceived to be one of the two main drivers for the upcoming Advanced Rare Isotope Facility (ARIEL). The e-Linac has been commissioned up to 10 kW of average beam power at 30 MeV, for both CW and pulsed beam. It is envisioned for this facility to eventually be upgraded to an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), with a preliminary design having already been developed by former PhD student Chris Gong. This design includes a recirculating ring, a free electron laser and an additional particle gun feeding into the main linac. ARIEL is projected to come online by 2025, tripling the amount of rare isotope beams produced at TRIUMF. Until then, the e-Linac will be operated as a multi-user facility to take full advantage of the scientific potential of this facility. The FLASH experiment, making use of the medium energy section, will irradiate test samples with short, high intensity doses of radiation for cancer research. The DarkLight experiment, operating in the high energy section, will search for a so-called “dark photon”, a potential force carrier for dark matter motivated by the Atomki anomaly. The high- brightness Thz infrared photon source project, tied closely with the ERL upgrade, will demonstrate the production of high intensity broadband radiation and establish a dedicated material science user community at TRIUMF. ARIEL and these external projects will all depend significantly on the reliability of the e-Linac, which is a main focus of the Accelerator Division in the coming years. In light of this, I am working on a project directly relevant to the ERL community, which studies the migration of dust and mitigation of field emission in SRF cavities.

Speaker: Ms Aveen Mahon (TRIUMF | UVic)

Mahon_ERL22.pdf

14 BriXSinO high-flux dual X-ray and THz radiation source based on Energy Recovery Linacs

We present the detailed design of a compact light source named BriXSinO. BriXsinO is a dual high flux radiation source Inverse Compton Source (ICS) of X-ray and Free-Electron Laser of THz spectral range radiation conceived for medical applications and general applied research. The accelerator is a push-pull CW-SC Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) based on superconducting cavities technology and allows to sustain MW-class beam power with just one hundred kW active power dissipation/consumption. Moreover, the BriXSinO layout allows performing two pass beam acceleration experiments.

ICS line produces 33 keV monochromatic X-Rays via Compton scattering of the electron beam with a laser system in Fabry-Pérot cavity at a repetition rate of 100 MHz. The THz FEL oscillator is based on an undulator imbedded in optical cavity and generates THz wavelengths from 15 to 50 micron.

Speaker: Dr Dario Giove (INFN Milano - LASA)

Giove-Presentazione_BRIXSINO_wshop ERL 2022_cmp.pdf

2:40 PM Coffee Break

CBETA Tour

6:00 PM Welcome Reception

Hors d'oeuvres and drinks at the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel

Tuesday, October 4

8:00 AM Coffee and Breakfast Treats

Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation: Session I

Convener: Alex Bogacz (JLab)

15 Multi-pass ERL Driven FELs and Light Sources

Any proposal for an accelerator facility based upon a multipass energy recovery linac (ERL) must possess a self-consistent match in longitudinal phase space, not just transverse phase space. We therefore present a semianalytic method to determine self-consistent longitudinal matches in any multipass ERL. We apply this method in collider scenarios (embodying an energy spread minimizing match) and FEL scenarios (embodying a compressive match), and discuss the consequences of each. As an example of the utility of the method, we prove that the choice of common or separate recirculation transport determines the feasibility of longitudinal matches in cases where disruption, such as synchrotron radiation loss, exists. We show that any high energy multipass ERL collider based upon common recirculation transport will require special care to produce a self-consistent longitudinal match, but that one based upon separate transport is readily available. Furthermore, we show that any high energy multipass ERL FEL driver based upon common recirculation transport requires a larger resultant rf beam load than the one based on separate transport, favoring the separate transport designs.

Speaker: Gustavo Pérez Segurana (CERN)

ERL Longitudinal matches for light sources.pptx

16 Challenges of a Twice-Recirculating ERL Mode

In a multi-recirculating energy-recovery LINAC (ERL), electrons are accelerated several times in the same LINAC and are decelerated afterwards in the very same LINAC just as often. Even in the case of a twice-recirculating ERL, there are challenges compared to a single-recirculating ERL: When low injector energies are used, phase slippage leads to significantly different energy gains per LINAC pass for the beam to be accelerated for the first time and the beam to be accelerated for the second time. If the cost-efficient sharing model is used, the once-accelerated and the once-decelerated beam share the same recirculation beamline. This case poses a particular challenge for finding a transverse confinement due to the lack of degrees of freedom for the once-decelerated beam: the beam optics adjusted to the once-accelerated beam must also ensure the guidance of the once-decelerated beam. The presence of phase slippage and the low number of degrees of freedom requires a sophisticated setup of the machine, which had to be determined in advance via beam dynamics simulations. We address challenges of a twice-recirculating ERL mode in the sharing model by presenting experiences and measured data obtained during the successful realization of that mode at S-DALINAC in 2021.

Speaker: Felix Schließmann (TU Darmstadt)

17 Energy Recovery Linac Design and Studies for Electron Cooling of EIC Hadron Beams

The baseline scheme for hadron beam cooling in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) calls for Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) of the hadrons with non-magnetized electrons at high energy (150 MeV electrons), and additional cooling via conventional bunched beam cooling using a precooler system. The electron beam parameters for these concepts are at or beyond the current state of the art, with electron bunch charges of the order of 1 nC and average currents on the order of 100 mA and require an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL)-based accelerator to produce such beams. Using specifications provided by BNL and Jefferson Lab, physicists and engineers at Xelera Research are working on a complete design of an ERL system capable of satisfying such a cooler. This work includes designs for the injector, merger, multi-pass Linac, merger into the cooling section, demerger into the return line (which includes 180-degree arcs), and final extraction of the energy-recovered beam, beam breakup simulations, tolerance studies, start-to-end simulations, and beam halo studies.

Speaker: Colwyn Gulliford (Xelera Research)

xelera_gulliford_erl22_v3.pptx

18 Beam Dynamics Challenges of a Far-Future ERL-Based Collider - The Ghost Collider

In a recent paper, Valery Telnov proposed a linear collider based on twin axis cavities [1]. In a subsequent presentation, Erk Jensen proposed a modification with intra-bucket energy recovery [2], which eliminates higher order mode excitation. Interestingly, this means that there is no need for large aperture SRF cavities and high-power HOM couplers. The Ghost Collider adopts these ideas, and adds the concept of four-beam collisions (initially proposed by Joel LeDuff [3]) to remove beam-beam interactions and disruption. This concept brings up a series of new beam dynamics problems which make optimization of the parameters difficult. The presentation will describe the concept, which has a series of beam-dynamics challenges to be solved before the concept can advance.
[1] V.I. Telnov, JINST 16 (2021) no.12, P12025
[2] E. Jensen https://indico.cern.ch/event/1040671/?view=nicecompact
[3] Status Report on D. C. I, The Orsay Storage Ring Group, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-26, No.3, June 1979

Speaker: Andrew Hutton (Jefferson Lab)

Hutton-GhostColliderV9.pptx

19 Implications of beam filling patterns on the design of recirculating energy recovery linacs

Speakers: Rob Apsimon (Cockroft Institute), Robert Apsimon (Lancaster University / Cockcroft Institute)

Apsimon ERL_filling_patterns_final.pptx

10:10 AM Coffee Break

Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation: Session II

Convener: Meghan McAteer (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin)

20 Beam Dynamics and Performance Studies of PERLE (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Kevin Andre (CERN)

ERL22 - PERLE tracking simulations.pdf

21 Using Polynomial Chaos Expansion to determine solenoid misalignment during bERLinPro commissioning

Speaker: Bettina Kuske (HZB)

ERL22-PCE.pptx

22 CBETA Instrumentation: From Beam Diagnostics to Machine Protection

Speaker: Robert Michnoff (Brookhaven National LAb)

Michnoff-CBETA-ERL-workshop Oct-2022.pptx

23 Beam tuning for IR-FEL and industrial application at the compact ERL

Speaker: Miho Shimada (KEK)

Shimado-ERL2022-beamdynamics_v4.pdf

24 Multi-Turn Performance Studies and Beam Dynamics Issues

Speaker: Steven Brooks (BNL)

Brooks_ERL22_9-27-22.pptx

12:10 PM Group Photo

Industry Session: Introductions

During Lunch Industrial Participants will give brief introductions of their capabilities

Convener: Stephen Benson (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator La b)

25 KYMA - Overview (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Dr Raffaella Geometrante (KYMA)

26 Tech-X - Overview

Speaker: Dr Ilya Ziberter (Tech-X)

Zilbenter-Tech-X Overview.pdf

27 RadiaSoft - Overview

Speaker: Dr Stephen Coleman (RadiaSoft LLC)

ERL RadiaSoft_Overview_20221004.pptx

28 iFast - Overview

Speaker: Dr Florian Hug (University of Mainz)

IFAST_ERL_2022.pptx

29 Xelera Research - Overview

Speaker: Prof. Vaclav Kostroun (Xelera Research LLC)

Xelera-Overview 2022 - ERL Workshop.pptx

12:30 PM Lunch

SRF: Session I

Superconducting Radio Frequency Technology

Convener: Peter McIntosh (STFC)

30 SRF performance on the Compact ERL at KEK

A superconducting Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) was constructed in 2013 at KEK to demonstrate energy recovery concept with low emittance, high-current CW beams of more than 10 mA for future multi-GeV ERL. cERL consists of 500 kV DC photocathode gun, the injector cavities, the main linac cavity, which made energy recovery, recirculation loop and the beam dump.Under long-term beam operation, we met several SRF performance degradation like field emission and thermal breakdown. In this presentation, we will present how to keep SRF performance and overcome these issues to give the stable beam operation and show the long-term performance of SRF cavites of injector and main linac cryomodule until now.

Speaker: Hiroshi Sakai (KEK)

cERL_SRF_sakai_final.pptx

31 High gradient "turn key" SRF systems for small scale ERLs like MESA

Speaker: Prof. Florian Hug (JGU Mainz, Institut für Kernphysik)

Hug-MESA_SRF_ERL_2022.pdf

Hug-MESA_SRF_ERL_2022.pptx

32 SRF photo-injector and Booster modules at bERLinPro: Assembly and commissioning status

The energy recovery linac (ERL) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) is in the final stage of assembly and follow-up commissioning of the injector beam line. This injector consists of a 1.4\lamba/2 cell SRF photo-injector and a three two cell Booster cryomodule, the latter based on a modified design of the Cornell injector cavity shape. The injector was designed for a final beam current of 100 mA and an injection energy of 6.5 MeV into the 50 MeV recirculator. Currently, we are working on assembling and commissioning of the first cryo-module, being the SRF photo-injector, which already ran in 2018 [1], received a major overhaul of mainly the SRF cavities between 2019 to 2021, so that first beam is expected towards early 2023. In parallel, preparations to assemble the Booster cryo-module are on-going as well as final preparation of the injector beam vacuum system, which receives upgrades to also serve as an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) beam line in addition to the foreseen accelerator research program and ERL studies at HZB. In this contribution, the development and current work on the SRF photo-injector will be presented in addition to latest results of the high power conditioning of the 120 kW Booster couplers.

Speaker: Axel Neumann (Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin)

ERL2022_Cornell_ANeumann_SRF.pptx

33 Achieving stable cw operation in vector sum

Speaker: Ramona Leewe (Triumf)

Leewe - Achieving stable CW vector sum operation.pdf

34 Design of the 9-cell superconducting cavity for EUV light source accelerator

KEK has been designing the 10 mA class ERL-EUV light source accelerator. The main linac uses 9-cell superconducting cavities with beamline HOM damper. The target accelerating gradient is 12.5 MV/m. The 9-cell cavity is designed from experience of the KEK compact ERL (cERL) main linac. The cERL main linac was designed to suppress the HOM-BBU with beam current of 100mA by enlarging the iris diameter to 80mm. This resulted into the high ratio of the peak surface electric field and the accelerating field (Ep/Eacc) of 3. The accelerating gradient is limited from 8.5 to 10 MV/m during the CW beam operation due to field emission. The EUV can accept lower BBU limit than cERL because the target beam current of the EUV is 10 mA. The iris diameter is set to 70mm to lower Ep/Eacc around 2. The target accelerating gradient can be achieved if the surface peak electric field is equal to cERL. EUV end cells were designed to minimize HOM Q factor in the above condition. The optimal shape was designed by matching HOM frequencies of the two end cells and center cells calculated individually. The absorption heat of HOM damper is estimated to about 10 W. The AlN is known as high damping efficiency at cryogenic temperature. The HOM damper was designed using complex permittivity data measured at 80 K for AlN. The performance of the HOM damper combined with the cavity is capable of operating the beam at 10 mA. In this presentation, we will describe the EUV cavity and HOM damper design.

Speaker: Taro Konomi (FRIB)

ERL22_konomi_SRF24.pptx

3:10 PM Coffee Break

Electron Sources: Session I

Electron Source (Guns) Technology and Developments

Convener: Luca Cultrera

35 Capability and Prospects for High Current Polarized Beams from GaAs DC Photoguns - REMOTE

Extending the charge lifetime of today’s spin polarized GaAs photoelectron guns from hundreds to thousands of Coulombs is a reasonable expectation for long-duration operation at milliampere beam current. In this presentation I will describe some of the topics frequently considered to achieve this goal, and will make quantitative comments about their proven or proposed likelihood for success.

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: JOSEPH GRAMES (JEFFERSON LAB)

Grames_ERL_2022_FINAL.pptx

36 Molecular beam epitaxy of Cs-Sb thin films: structure-oriented growth of high efficiency photocathodes - REMOTE

Cs3Sb and related alkali antimonide compounds are high efficiency semiconductor photocathodes that can be operated with visible light and possess quantum efficiency of the order of 1-10% at green light wavelengths. Use of these photocathodes in modern linear accelerators is desirable thanks to their potential to generate high brightness electron beams. However, the ultimate brightness of a photocathode is limited by surface disorder of the usually polycrystalline and inhomogeneous films. We used state-of-the-art molecular beam epitaxy with innovative alkali sources to achieve epitaxy of the Cs3Sb phase, which allowed to measure its band structure via angle-resolved photoemission for the first time. The use of in-situ reflection electron diffraction allowed us to prioritize the optimization of the structural properties above the quantum efficiency during the growth. This allowed us to explore new growth regimes giving rise to different Cs-Sb phases with interesting properties.

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speakers: Alice Galdi (Universita degli Studi di Salerno), Alice Galdi

AGaldi_ERL22.pptx

37 Progress on 2D protective coating for photocathodes

Speaker: Hisato Yamaguchi (LANL)

ERL2022_HY_LANL_Upload.pdf

38 Photocathodes for high average current electron beam: state-of-the-art and new perspective

Attaining high quantum yield, low emittance, and long lifetime from an alkali antimonide photocathode has remained a sustained focus in recent years, due especially to the need for electron beams of high average current for ERL-based electron cooling systems, synchrontron radiation sources, electron ion colliders and other applications. The ongoing development of photocathodes is motivated by the unprecedented needs of these applications, namely simultaneous optimization among photoemission metrics that tend to be linked by the underlying physics. This report reviews the efforts that utilizes a new suite of materials science tools to address the poor crystallinity and lack of surface and bulk engineering that has previously limited the performance of the alkali antimonide materials. This report will also review the progress in the development of the 2D material encapsulated alkali antimonide photocathodes.

Speaker: Mengjia Gaowei (BNL)

ERL_talk_Mengjia_upload.pdf

Wednesday, October 5

8:00 AM Coffe and Breakfast Treats

Uses and Applications: Session I

Applications of ERL accelerators

Convener: Dr Peter Williams (STFC, AsTeC)

39 ERL Based Fully Coherent Light Source (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Zhentang Zhao

ERL Based Fully Coherent Light Source.pdf

40 ERL for Photonuclear Reactions

The electromagnetic interaction of atomic nuclei with photons is a well-understood process that provides model-independent access to their properties. Consequently, photonuclear-reaction studies below and above the particle separation threshold have been a driving force in the study of the nuclear force for decades. Around the turn of the century, the field experienced a renaissance with the availability of intense, quasi-monochromatic, polarized photon sources in the MeV energy range based on the laser-Compton backscattering (LCB) process. Next-generation LCB facilities based on Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs) have the potential to greatly enhance the reach of fundamental nuclear physics research. In addition, they are an important step towards technological applications of photonuclear processes.

This contribution will introduce the important reaction mechanisms of photons with atomic nuclei, in particular nuclear resonance fluorescence$^1$. After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of contemporary photon sources, the potential of ERL-based facilities will be discussed based on current research efforts.

$^1$ A. Zilges $\textit{et al.}$, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. $\textbf{122}$, 103903 (2019)

Speaker: Tobias Beck (FRIB, MSU)

ERL22_Talk_Beck.pdf

41 Strong Hadron Cooling in EIC with an ERL

IntraBeam Scattering (IBS) and other diffusion mechanisms in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) degrade the beam emittances during a store, with growth times of about 2 hours at the two nominal proton energies of 275 GeV and 100 GeV. Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC) maintains good beam quality and high luminosity during long collision stores. A novel cooling method – Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) – is chosen as the baseline SHC method, due to its high cooling rates. An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is used to deliver an intense high-quality electron beam for the cooling. In this talk, we discuss the beam requirements for SHC-CeC in HSR and describe the current status of the ERL design, as well as the challenges and the R&D topics that are being pursued.

Speaker: Erdong Wang

SHC for ERL.pptx

42 Novel Nuclear experiments at MESA

Speakers: Prof. Florian Hug (JGU Mainz, Institut für Kernphysik), Florian Hug (Mainz University), Kurt Aulenbacker (Mainz University)

MESA_lineup_Ithaca.pptx

43 ERL based EUV-FEL light source for lithography

In extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, high volume manufacturing recently started using a laser-produced plasma (LPP) source of 250-W power at 13.5 nm. However, development of a high-power EUV light source is still very important to overcome stochastic effects with a high throughput. The required EUV power to realize the 3-nm node and beyond with a high speed of future scanners is estimated to be more than 1 kW [1]. We have designed and studied an ERL-based EUV-FEL for future lithography [2-6] and showed that it can provide EUV power of more than 1 kW for ten scanners simultaneously. It is also upgradable to a “Beyond EUV” FEL light source that performs much finer pattering with shorter wavelength light (~6.7 nm). In addition, it can variably control the polarization of the EUV light, which might be utilized for high-NA lithography. Switching to the EUV-FEL light source from the LPP source can greatly reduce electric power consumption per scanner or 1-kW EUV power and it is suitable for sustainable semiconductor technologies and systems [7]. In this talk, I will present the ERL-based EUV-FEL light source for future lithography and the related activities.

[1] S. Inoue, Proc. of 4th EUV-FEL Workshop, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan (2019).
[2] N. Nakamura et al., Proc. of ERL2015, Stony Brook, New York, USA, pp.4-9 (2015).
[3] N. Nakamura, R. Kato, T. Miyajima, M. Shimada, T. Hotei and R. Hajima, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 874 (2017) 012013.
[4] H. Sakai et al., Proc. of SRF2017, pp.13-18 (2017).
[5] R. Kato, Proc. of 4th EUV FEL Workshop, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan (2019).
[6] H. Kawata, N. Nakamura, H. Sakai, R. Kato and R. Hajima, J. Micro/Nanopattern. Mater. Metrol. 21(2), 021210 (2022).
[7] https://www.imec-int.com/en/expertise/cmos-advanced/sustainable-semiconductor-technologies-and-systems-ssts.

Speaker: Norio Nakamura (High Energy Accelerator Organization (KEK))

ERL2022_nakamura.pptx

10:10 AM Coffee Break

Uses and Applications: Session II

Applications of ERL accelerators

Convener: Erdong Wang

44 GeV muon beams with picometer-class emittance from electron-photon collisions (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Luca Serafini (INFN)

Serafini-EXMP-ERL-2022(1).pptx

45 Circular-Linear energy recovery accelerator to probe the energy-frontier

Energy-frontier particle accelerators are among the most exciting, complex, challenging, and expensive research instruments performing high precision measurements confirming the fundamentals of the physics and broadening new research horizons. Currently the highest energy machines, from multi-GeV to several TeV, (ILC, FCC, CLIC) capable of searching for the most basic building blocks of matter are either driven by circular or linear accelerators. The circular machines, having the centre-of-mass (CM) energy values reaching 200 GeV (for leptons) and above, experience beam energy loss and quality dilution, for example, due to synchrotron radiation, limiting the overall CM energy achievable and requiring a constant energy top-up to compensate the loss and the beam quality dilution. Linear colliders overcome these limitations, while the finite capabilities of generating high average current beams limits the luminosity. This is partially compensated by the quality of the colliding beams. Most of the accepted state-of-the-art designs, while reaching the energies required, have very large footprint and show the same signs of limitations and drawbacks and in this work, we suggest a novel design of circular-linear accelerator based on the merging of the weakly emitting, low-energy storage rings and energy recovery linear accelerators. To enable the operation of such a system and in particular the energy recovery from spent, high-intensity beams the use of the dual-axis asymmetric cavities is suggested. The merging of circular and linear systems, and applications of dual axes cavities, aim to maintain high beam quality, high luminosity, and high energy efficiency, while simultaneously offering a flexible energy management. The concept presented can be potentially used to reach ultimate energy frontiers in high-energy physics as well as to drive next generation light sources combining tools for fundamental and applied studies. The numbers which will be presented are for illustration purpose and can be improved further.

Speaker: Dr I.V. Konoplev (1. JAI, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 2.Department of Physics, Sevastopol State University, Russia)

Energy-frontiers-ERL2022-v8.pdf

Energy-frontiers-ERL2022-v8.pptx

ERL2022-Konoplev-final.docx

46 High-energy high-luminosity e+e− collider using ERL

Speaker: Vladimir Litvinenko (Stony Brook University)

ERL22_Litvinenko.pdf

ERL22_Litvinenko.pptx

47 ion collisions in gas-jet targets of the dark-light type

Speakers: Dr Jan Bernauer (Stony Brook University), Richard Milner (MIT)

erl_16_9.pdf

ERL_proceedings Bernauer.pdf

48 Compton Backscattering sources

Speaker: Dmitry Kayran (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

ERL22_kayran_talk.pptx

12:10 PM Lunch

Electron Sources: Session II

Electron Source (Guns) Technology and Developments

Convener: Dmitry Kayran (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

49 PERLE electron source status and requirement for LHeC

Speaker: Maud Baylac (IJCLab)

ERL-workshop22-Baylac.pptx

50 High voltage DC gun for high intensity polarized electron source

Speaker: Omer Rahman (BNL)

ERL_2022_ Rahman.pdf

51 DC gun for Low Energy RHIC cooler (LEReC) project

Speakers: Xiaofeng Gu (BNL), Xiaofeng Gu

DC gun for Low Energy RHIC cooler project V1.pptx

52 The high repetition rate thermionic injector

At Eindhoven university a high repetition rate thermionic injector is being built. The injector is capable of supplying electron bunches at a repetition rate of 1.5 GHz, which can be used for x-ray generation.
The electron source generates a continuous beam with a high current and low emittance through thermionic emission. The continuous electron beam is then chopped into a pulsed beam by a combination of a dual mode elliptical RF cavity and a knife-edge. The dual mode cavity uses both the fundamental mode (1.5 GHz) and its second harmonic (3.0 GHz) to increase the duty cycle of the chopping process to approximately 30% with a minimal loss of beam quality. Finally, a second dual mode elliptical RF cavity compresses the pulse length of the bunches, preparing the beam for injection into an X-band linear accelerator.
The first part of the injector is capable of operating at an emission current of 10 mA with a sub-50 nm rad transverse rms emittance. Construction of the elliptical chopper cavity has completed and is currently being implemented, after which the properties of the electron bunches after chopping will be measured.

Speaker: Rick van den Berg (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)

PresentationERL2022-RickvandenBerg.pptx

2:25 PM Coffee Break

SRF: Session II

Superconducting Radio Frequency Technology

Convener: Nilanjan Banerjee

53 Horizontal test of Superconducting RF gun #2 at KEK

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) electron guns are attractive for delivery of beams at a high bunch repetition rate with a high accelerating field. KEK has been developing the SRF gun to demonstrate basic performance. The SRF gun consists of 1.3 GHz and 1.5 cell SRF gun cavity and K2CsSb photocathode coated on 2K cathode plug. In the vertical test, the surface peak electric field and the surface peak electric field reached to 75 MV/m and 170 mT respectively. The SRF gun was installed to horizontal multipurpose cryostat equipped with a superconducting solenoid, photocathode preparation chamber and beam diagnostic line. Unfortunately, the peak surface gradient dropped to 42 MV/m. This was probably due to particulate issued that entered the cavity during assembly. We suspect that it was caused particulate are come into the cavity during assembly. In this presentation, we will describe the high gradient performance in vertical and horizontal test and individual test for each beam line components.

Speaker: Taro Konomi (FRIB)

ERL2022_konomi_proceedings.docx

ERL22_konomi_SRF25_v2.pdf

54 Overview Nb3Sn cavity progress (for CW machine)

Speaker: Liana Shpani

ERL_talk_LianaShpani.pdf

ERL_talk.pptx

55 SRF systems for the EIC hadron cooling

Speaker: Robert Rimmer (JLab)

ERL22-Rimmer.pptx

4:00 PM Workshop Picnic

Tour bus to Treman State Park for hiking and BBQ dinner, then return rides to the hotels

Thursday, October 6

8:00 AM Coffe and Breakfast Treats

SRF: Session III

Superconducting Radio Frequency Technology

Convener: Hiroshi Sakai (KEK)

56 Iterative Learning Control for Beam Loading Compensation

Speakers: Ramona Leewe (Triumf), Ramona Leewe (Triumf)

Leewe - Iterative learning controller for ERL.pdf

57 SRF Operations, microphonic control at CBETA

The Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA) is the first machine which achieved multi-pass energy recovery employing superconducting cavities. While SRF cavities operated with a narrow bandwidth reduce the overall power consumption of the main linac, maintaining stable field required for energy-recovery in the presence of microphonics detuning becomes a challenging task. We discuss the crucial aspect of suppression of microphonics detuning aimed at achieving a relative amplitude stability of $10^{-4}$ and phase stability of 0.1 degrees. We also describe our linac commissioning and operations experience at CBETA explaining the current status and next steps.

Speaker: Nilanjan Banerjee (The University of Chicago)

ERL2022_SRFOperations.pdf

58 HOM-Damping Studies in a Multi-Cell Elliptical Superconducting RF Cavity for the Multi-Turn Energy Recovery Linac PERLE

Higher order modes (HOMs) damping is a crucial issue for the next generation of high-current accelerators. Beam-induced HOMs can store sufficient energy in the superconducting RF (SRF) cavities giving rise to beam instabilities and increasing the heat load at cryogenic temperature. To limit these effects, the use of HOM couplers on the cutoff tubes of SRF cavities becomes crucial to absorb beam-induced wakefields, consisting of all cavity eigenmodes. These couplers feature probe or loop antennas designed to couple ERL optics-related dipole cavity modes and to reject the fundamental mode sufficiently. The study presented here focuses on a 5-cell 801.6 MHz elliptical SRF cavity designed for PERLE (Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for Experiments), a multi-turn ERL currently under study and to be hosted at IJCLab in Orsay. Several coaxial coupler designs are firstly analyzed by means of equivalent circuit models. A subsequent coupler optimization is made on a 3D geometry of the coupler to enhance the damping of dipole HOMs of the 5-cell cavity. The broadband performance of HOM damping and power deposition is also confirmed by the time-domain wakefield and the frequency-domain simulations. In addition, the thermal behavior of the HOM couplers is investigated. A comparison between various HOM-damping schemes is carried out to guarantee an efficient HOM power extraction from the cavity.

Speaker: Mr Carmelo Barbagallo (IJCLab - Université Paris-Saclay)

C_Barbagallo_ERL22_Cornell.pdf

HOM_damping_studies_paper_ERL22_Carmelo_Barbagallo_def.pdf

HOM-damping studies paper_ERL22_Carmelo Barbagallo_def.zip

59 Fast Reactive Tuner developments at CERN

Speaker: Nik Shipman (CERN)

FRT Developments at CERN 031022.pptx

60 Discussion Session

10:10 AM Coffee Break

Electron Sources: Session III

Electron Source (Guns) Technology and Developments

Convener: Vladimir Litvinenko (Stony Brook University)

61 Long term operational experience of running Cs2Te cathodes in HZDRs SRF gun (REMOTE)

https://cornell.zoom.us/j/93456110989?pwd=WXVwYU1xaW51cHcrWFROSFdOcEpnQT09

Speaker: Rong Xiang (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf)

Xiang_Cs2Te in SRF gun.pdf

62 Low frequency 113MHz SRF gun with room temperature photocathode for Coherent electron cooling experiment (CeC-X)

Speaker: Irina Petrushina (Stony Brook University)

ERL2022_Low_frequency_113MHz_SRF_gun_for_CeC_X_Petrushina.pptx

63 Commissioning of the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source II electron source

Speaker: Feng Zhou (SLAC)

Feng Zhou.pptx

Workshop Summary: Discussion

Convener: Stephen Benson (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator La b)

Closeout_ERL22.pdf

ERL2022 - Electron Sources WG Summary -V2.pptx

ERL-22_WG-facilities-Summary.pdf

SRF Summary ERL22 v5.pdf

Uses_Applications_WG_summary_ERL22.pptx

WG2_BeamDynamics-Summary.pptx

64 ERL Experiments and Applications Working Groiup

Speaker: Erdong Wang

ERL_experiments_and_applications_summary-Wang.pdf

65 ERL Beam Dynamics Working Group

Speakers: Meghan McAteer (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin), Dr S.A. Bogaz (JLab, USA)

ERL2022_Beam_Dynamics_WG_sum_Bogacz_McAteer.pdf

12:30 PM Lunch